Turnover of multiple sex chromosomes in Harttia catfish (Siluriformes, Loricariidae): a glimpse from whole chromosome painting

The remarkable fish biodiversity encompasses also great sex chromosome variability. Harttia catfish belong to Neotropical models for karyotype and sex chromosome research. Some species possess one of the three male-heterogametic sex chromosome systems, XY, X 1 X 2 Y or XY 1 Y 2 , while other members of the genus have yet uncharacterized modes of sex determination. Particularly the XY 1 Y 2 multiple sex chromosome system shows a relatively low incidence among vertebrates, and it has not been yet thoroughly investigated. Previous research suggested two independent X-autosome fusions in Harttia which led to the emergence of XY 1 Y 2 sex chromosome system in three of its species. In this study, we investigated evolutionary trajectories of synteny blocks involved in this XY 1 Y 2 system by probing six Harttia species with whole chromosome painting (WCP) probes derived from the X (HCA-X) and the chromosome 9 (HCA-9) of H. carvalhoi . We found that both painting probes hybridize to two distinct chromosome pairs in Amazonian species, whereas the HCA-9 probe paints three chromosome pairs in H. guianensis, endemic to Guyanese drainages. These findings demonstrate distinct evolutionary fates of mapped synteny blocks and thereby elevated karyotype dynamics in Harttia among the three evolutionary clades.